Logo for The Curse of Monkey Island

Note: This walkthrough is for the Mega-Monkey difficulty and doesn't yet detail the puzzle differences for the regular version.

Part I: The Demise of the Zombie Pirate LeChuck

LeChuck's ship - Gun deck

Talk to the small pirate who is shooting the cannon. Eventually Guybrush will recognize that it's Wally Feed, the mapmaker from LeChuck's Revenge. When you get the option, tell Wally he's a failure as a pirate. Keep putting him down until he starts crying. (Geez, Guybrush, really?) Examine the cannon. Use the cannon. Of course, you want to sink all the boats of LeChuck's crew. Aim with the mouse (left/right, up/down) and click to fire.

Pick up the plastic hook Wally threw away. Get the cannon ramrod from the wall. Open your inventory and combine the hook with the rod to make a gaff. (A gaff is a long stick with a hook or spear on the end, normally used for catching fish.) Exit inventory. Go out the gunport. Use the gaff to pick up the debris: a skeleton arm wearing a floatie, and a cutlass. Talk to the skull. (Hi, Murray!) Go back inside. Use the cutlass to cut the cannon restraint rope. Fire the cannon. (Oof!) Watch the cutscene.

For Your Amusement:
Repeatedly fire the cannon into the jungle to the right of the fort.
Knock Murray into the water with the gaff.


LeChuck's ship - Treasure hold

Notice the portrait of LeChuck sitting in the treasure pile. Mouse around until you find the bag sitting in front of it. Pick up the bag. Pick up the big diamond ring that was hiding behind it. Use the ring on the porthole. Watch the cutscene.

For Your Amusement:
Look at everything in the hold.

Part II: The Curse Gets Worse

Plunder Island

Pick up the glowing ember from the beach. Go east and follow the path up to the northeast to the island map. Go to the swampy looking area. Approach the wrecked ship and Murray will start talking to you. Talk to him, if you like. When finished, continue into the wreck.

Use the bag of nickels on the gum machine to get some steak-flavored gum. Look at the rug. Pick up the paste and the large pin sticking out of the paper voodoo doll. (You'll be meeting this relieved man later.) Pull the alligator's tongue to summon the Voodoo Lady. Talk to her. In the middle of all this, Elaine will be stolen by pirates. Keep talking. So, you'll have to find a replacement diamond ring to break the curse. When you're finished, leave Voodoo 'n' Things and go back to the map.

Go to the port town. Go up the stairs to the second level and into the small door on the side of the building with the clock tower. Examine the coat hanging on the rack. Pick up the dandruff... or lice, as the case may be. (Ew.) Find the coat pocket. Open it and get the glove. Pick up the magic wand from the dressing table. Use the wand on the hat. Get the ventriloquism book that appears. Examine the travel trunk and look at the Blood Island sticker on it. Exit to the east to go on stage. Talk to the performer, Slappy Cromwell. Ask him if he's been to Blood Island. When finished, leave the theater.

For Your Amusement:
On the beach, walk up the bridge towards the fort. Look at the little tower and press the secret button inside it.
Give Murray the gum.
Give Murray back his own arm, both without and with paste applied to it.


Getting a crew

Go back down to the lower level and enter the Barbery Coast. Guybrush will run his mouth about his predicament. Talk to the dapper pirate, Van Helgen. Ask him to join your crew. You have to prove that you're a gentleman and his equal. Slap him with the glove: a classic gentleman's dueling challenge.

On the field of honor, close the middle pistol case by using the box lid. Open the banjo case. This banjo duel is like the game Simon: you need to watch the strings Van Helgen plays and repat them when it's your turn. You can do this by clicking on them with the mouse, but you can also use the number keys 1 through 5 (numbered top to bottom), which is easier. You don't have to wait for Guybrush to finish playing each introductory passage to strike the final note at the correct time; you can just enter the keys, 1-5-2-4 or whatever the case may be. The first round has four notes, the second has five, and the third has six. You may find it helpful to write down the numbers of the strings you need to play. You can also save in between rounds if you're quick. But even this perfect performance isn't good enough: Van Helgen will start wailing away on his banjo. Time to put an end to this! Look at the gun pile and pick up a pistol. Use it to shoot Van Helgen's banjo.

Back in the Barbery Coast, talk to the salty pirate, Bill. Ask him what he's eating, and if he's ever going back to pirating. (You have to prove that you can find treasure.) When done talking him, push him. You'll slap him on the back and he'll start choking on his jawbreaker. Push him again to slap him once more and whack the thing out of his throat. Pick up the jawbreaker from the floor.

Try to talk to the barber pirate. Seems you'll have to get Captain Rottingham out of the way first. Get the lice out of your inventory. Watch while the barber works. When he puts down his comb on the side table, put the lice on it. After he chucks Rene out of the shop, you can talk to the barber. Ask Haggis to join your crew. (You have to beat him at caber tossing.) Tell him you could use a haircut. Again, watch him while he works. When he looks over at the book, quickly use the handle of the chair to raise yourself one notch. Use the paperweight and Guybrush will sneakily kick it off of the book and pocket it. Haggis will go away to find another rock. While he's gone, use the handle three more times until you're near the ceiling and can reach the scissors stuck in the beam. Grab them; Guybrush will lower himself again. Leave the shop.

Go up to the second level again, across the bridge, and around behind the shop that has an open door. Your way north to Danjer Cove is blocked by some mysterious flowers. Examine the the little plaque on the ground near the vines. Cut the vines with the scissors. An ipecac flower will appear in your inventory. (For some reason the game won't let you just pick it from the plant before cutting it.)

Walk a little ways further into the next screen and you'll be swallowed by a snake. Mouse around by where Guybrush's feet would be and you'll start finding some weird objects to pick up, one by one: a Faberge egg, some vacuum cleaner attachments, and... lots-o-stuff. Check your inventory. Wow! You've also got phone books, an encyclopedia, some plans, a Dinghy Dog™ toy, a reservation slip, a tire, some human remains (!), and an entire breakfast, complete with LucasArts coffee mug. Read the encyclopedia for a hint about a later puzzle. But as for getting out, you'll unfortunately find that like when you were tossed off the pier in Secret, many potentially useful objects outside of the snake are unreachable. (How you can even see them is left as an exercise for the player.) Remember the plaque saying that ipecac is used as a purgative, i.e., to induce vomiting? You might have heard of "syrup of ipecac", which is still used today for the same purpose. Combine the ipecac flower with the pancake syrup. Use the syrup with the snake's head. Uuurrrp.

In the quicksand, look at the life-saving vine that's just out of your reach. Look at the branch leaning against the root nearby. Combine the paperweight and the balloons. Use the mouth on the balloon to blow it over towards that branch. Now to shoot it down and drop the rock where it needs to go. Pick a thorn off the plant right in front of you. Grab a reed from the patch to Guybrush's left. Combine them and use the pea-shooter on the floating balloon.

You can look around Danjer Cove if you like, but you can't accomplish anything until you've fixed the hole in that rowboat. So for now, exit the screen to the east and go back to Puerto Pollo. Enter Blondebeard's Chicken Shoppe. Tell him you have a reservation. Talk to Blondebeard. Ask him what happened to his chicken and how long he's been out. (He wants something crunchy to crack his teeth on.) Ask him if he doesn't ever want to leave the shop, to learn how he lost his Brimstone Beach club membership card while he was cooking. Let him get back to work. Give him the jawbreaker.

Now Blondebeard wants something chewy. Give him some gum. Get the pin out of inventory. When Blondebeard blows a bubble, pop it. Pick up the gold tooth. Use the mouth on the gum in inventory to chew some. Combine the tooth with the wad of chewed gum. Use the mouth on the helium balloon to inhale some helium. Chew the gum with the tooth in it. You'll blow a bubble full of helium which will float away out the open window and pop outside, dropping the gold tooth... somewhere... with a clanking sound.

Take a biscuit from the barrel in the corner and eat it. (Ew!) Pick up the pie pan and biscuit cutter that are near the value meal sign. Use the maggots on the gross chicken sitting on the table. Aha! Here's Blondebeard's club card. Pick it up. (Maybe it's best not to ask how it got actually inside a chicken while he was cooking...) Talk to the quiet patron sitting at the table. No response? Give him a little push, then. Yikes! Get the knife that's sticking out of his back. Leave the shop. Use the pie pan on the mud puddle to pan for gold and fish out the tooth, which had dropped into the drainpipe.

Go east across the town and through the archway at the back to the challenge field. Go to the eastern end and read the two little plaques. Use the biscuit cutter with the rubber tree on the right. Go to the grassy knoll. Use the bread knife to saw the leg of the sawhorse under the keg of rum. Use the glowing ember on the trail of rum to ignite it. BLAM! The trunk of the poor innocent rubber tree will land in the pile of cabers.

Go down to the Barbery Coast. Give the gold tooth to Bill. Talk to Haggis. Agree to the caber toss. You can't so much as budge the rubber-tree caber, but when you knock it over, it bounces, and you win! Leave the shop. Watch the cutscene.

For Your Amusement:
While Van Helgen shreds after the duel, wait until Guybrush pulls out a lighter.
Let Bill choke on the jawbreaker until he starts turning colors.
Talk to the walk-thru speaker on the side of Blondebeard's shop.
When you push the quiet patron, read the button that falls off him.


The Sea Cucumber

Go to the island map and return to Danjer Cove. Coat the plug you cut from the rubber tree with the paste. Use this on the rowboat to patch the hole. Row out to the ship. Use the bread knife to saw off the plank. Climb up onto the deck (on the side of the ship there's a room exit arrow pointing up). Talk to the first mate, Mr. Fossey. Since there's no plank to walk, they'll tar and feather you instead.

Leave Danjer Cove. Go to Blondebeard's. Mistaking you for El Pollo Diablo, he'll conk you on the noggin and send you off to the Sea Cucumber to fulfill the order they'd placed. Use the ventriloquism book with LeChimp. You'll impersonate him (in a rather Shatneresque way), persuade Mr. Fossey to leave the ship along with the "crew", and get the map (directions, really) to where Elaine is hidden. Open the porthole and exit by climbing out of it. You will paddle back to shore on the sawn-off plank. Return to the island map.

Go in the side door of the theater. Climb up the stairs to the catwalk at the top right of the screen. Look at the treasure map: southeast, northwest, west, south, east, "two paces northeast", east, southwest. Notice the control panel with buttons at the bottom of the screen, between the lights. Click the buttons in that same order, as if they were oriented around a compass: for southeast, press the bottom right button; northwest, the top left; etc. Eventually the stage lights will cross in an X formation. If you make a mistake, pull the handle to reset the puzzle.

But how to get Slappy out of the way so you can dig? Notice that Slappy's trunk is now open. Put the chicken grease on the cannonballs. When the show's over, go out on stage. Pick up the shovel. You'll dig up Elaine and -- somehow -- transport her to the crow's nest of the Sea Cucumber. Leave the Sea Cucumber and watch the cutscene. (You gotta give LeChuck this, at least: he sure knows how to make an entrance.)


The Map to Blood Island

Use the rowboat and return to shore. Go to the island map and go to the beach at the far right that's still marked with a question mark. Talk to the cabaña boy. Show him the membership card you got from Blondebeard's. Pick up three towels. Soak them in the ice bucket. Go north to the beach. Try walking to the man you can see in the distance. Use the wet towels on the sand. Repeat, clicking just past the end of the towel, to walk across the first towel and lay down the second. Repeat again.

Talk to the sunbather, Palido Domingo: Slappy's agent. Introduce yourself. Say you're looking for Blood Island. So he wants a drink and you've got to get him to roll over. Take his mug. Leave by opening the gate. Go to Puerto Pollo. Head west to the lemonade stand. Talk to the small pirate, Kenny Falmouth. Buy some lemonade. Hmm, looks like he wasn't kidding about a "bottomless" mug! Click the mug you took from Palido on the bottomless mug and you will swap them. Buy lemonade again. Ticked off, Kenny will storm off. Take the pitcher. Fill it with dye from the vats next to the lemonade stand.

Go back to Brimstone Beach. Give Palido the bottomless mug. Pour the dye in it. Believing he's sunburned, Palido will turn over. Leave and go to the Cabaña. Get another towel and wet it. Use the wet towel on the cabaña boy to snap it at him. Get the cooking oil. Leave to the west and go back to the beach. Pour the cooking oil on Palido's back. (...Ew.) Take the map. (...Ewwww! Serious contender for the grossest thing Guybrush has ever touched in any game.) Leave the beach. It's time to set sail!

For Your Amusement:
Go up onto the deck of the Sea Cucumber before sawing off the plank.
While tarred and feathered, go everywhere you can before going to Blondebeard's.
On stage, pick up the balcony.
Play the game on January 1st and talk to Palido.

Part III: Three Sheets to the Wind

Well, fat lot of help your crew are. Enjoy the song, though. When it's over, choose easy or hard ship combat. (I've never picked hard, so if you do, I have no advice for you.) Then settle in; this part of the game often takes a good half an hour or more to collect enough insults to be able to defeat Rottingham, not to mention needing to repeatedly upgrade your cannons.

Look at the navigational chart. To engage in battle, click on another ship. Once in the battle closeup, rotate your ship with the arrow keys and right-click to fire. Your initial weak cannons don't have a lot of range and it takes a while to reload, so you can't spam your fire; you'll have to actually get close and time it carefully. With easy combat you only need to land one hit to defeat a ship and board it for swordfighting. Once you've done that, each time you encounter the same ship (in this first case, the Really Not Fearsome Pirates), you will automatically board and won't have to do the ship-to-ship combat again. Once you win the swordfight and are "loaded with booty", go back to Puerto Pollo (or "Plunder Town", as it's somewhat oddly called on the sea map) and talk to Kenny. Buy the only guns you can afford: the Buccaneer's Buddy. Go back down to your ship. Lather, rinse, repeat, working your way up through the cannons and ships.

  1. Weak cannons / Really Not Fearsome Pirates
  2. Buccaneer's Buddy / Mildly Fearsome Pirates
  3. Ouch-Master / Semi Fearsome Pirates
  4. Holemaker Deluxe / Pretty Fearsome Pirates
  5. Paingiver 2000 / Fearsome Pirates
  6. Mr. Massacre / Really Fearsome Pirates
  7. Destructomatic T-47 / Captain Rottingham

You can defeat higher levels of pirates with a lower cannon, including being able to defeat Rottingham with only the Mr. Massacre (at least; maybe less if you're better at ship combat than I am, which wouldn't be saying much); he will get within its range and you don't actually have to buy the Destructomatic T-47. You do want to be sure you have enough insults banked, though, because like fighting Carla in Secret, you'll have to think cleverly to match the responses you collected against Rottingham's different insults, and must give correct responses five times instead of three. When you've defeated Rottingham and recovered the map, watch the cutscene.

For Your Amusement:
Attack the Glass Bottom Boat. (Presumably Kate Capsize Tours?)

Part IV: The Bartender, the Thieves, His Aunt, and Her Lover

Blood Island

Try to take the hand lotion that's next to Haggis. Talk to Haggis. Ask him about the lotion and if there's any way you can have it. You'll need to find something of a tar-like consistency to trade for it. Pick up the bottle of shaving soap that's in the sand. Leave the screen to the west to go to the island map.

Go to the building that's sitting up on a little hill above the cove. On the hotel patio, examine the cooking pot and barbecue. Go inside the hotel. Talk to the fortune-teller, Madame Xima. Introduce yourself and ask her what's in the cards. Take the Death card she lays down. Talk to her again and ask her to read the cards again. Take the Death card. Repeat until you have five Death cards.

Try to talk to the bartender, but as you might have guessed from the way he kept crying out at Madame Xima's screams, he's too hungover to deal with you at the moment. Take the recipe book from the bar. Examine it in inventory. Turn the page until you get to Appendix A, a recipe for a hangover cure: egg, pepper, and hair of the dog that bit you. (Note that it says not to mix it with alcohol, because it causes extreme, extreme, extreme drowsiness.) Exit inventory. Get the cushion from the bar stool. Leave the hotel and go to the island map.

Go to the windmill at the far left. Get a pepper from the plant growing at the base of the windmill. Leave and go to the cemetery (the place in between the windmill and the cove). Go south. Pick up the mallet and chisel from in front of the tombstone-in-progress. Give your half-eaten biscuit to the dog. (Old Blind Pew is a character from the book Treasure Island.) Get some dog hair. Go back north twice to the hotel, then double back south to get to the map.

Go to the beach/cove (where the Sea Cucumber isn't). Notice the egg in the nest in the palm tree. Put the cushion down on the rocks underneath the tree. Hit the tree with the mallet. Exit to the north and return to the hotel. Go inside. Give the egg, pepper, and dog hair to the bartender. Introduce yourself. Ask about the lost ring of Blood Island, how you would get buried in the family crypt, and how to get to Skull Island. Order a drink and choose a big, fruity drink with an umbrella. In inventory, use the chisel on the Head-B-Clear to open it. Pour it in the Caribbean Body Slam, then drink it. Urk... thump. Watch the cutscene.

Oh well. The End!

...Or not. You are in the coffin at the lower right. Use the chisel on the coffin. Get the nails from the opened coffin. Use the chisel on the coffin that's on the bier in the middle of the room. Well hi there, Stan! When the scene's over, leave the crypt, then leave the screen and return. Stan's Kozy Krypt has been transformed into Mutual of Stan! Go in and talk to Stan. Tell him you want to buy insurance. Offer him the gold tooth as collateral. You're now the proud owner of a life insurance policy.

Go back to the hotel. Go through the front room and up the stairs. Open the first door. Use the mallet on the nail that's in the middle of the peeling wallpaper. Leave the room. Get the portrait that you knocked off the wall and the nail that's now lying on the carpet. Use Stan's laminated business card with the second door to jimmy the lock. Open the door and go in. Pull down the foldaway bed. Nail it down to the floor with the coffin nails and then the nail you got from the portrait. Take the book from the dead body. Examine it: a history of the Goodsoup family. Leave the room.

In inventory, use the scissors on the portrait to cut out the face. Use the faceless portrait with the door of the first room. Go inside. Look through the porthole. Griswold will come upstairs to admire his family portraits, which now include your own face. Leave the room and go downstairs. Use the cut-out face on the mirror to swap them.

Talk to Griswold. Say that you thought if you died, you'd be buried with his aunt. Say, "Uncle Griswold! Don't you recognize me?", choose any name, and then "Look at me! Don't I look just like a Goodsoup?" and "I could just talk about Goodsoup history all day." Since you altered the portrait and are carrying the history book, you'll be able to convince him. Order a drink, pour the Head-B-Clear in it, and drink it. This time, when you "die", you'll be buried in the Goodsoup crypt, as promised.


Go west. Talk to the ghost bride, Minnie Goodsoup. Ask her who she is. Ask about her suitors. Ask about the ring and the diamond. When finished, exit the screen to the west. Approach the crack in the wall of the crypt. Murray will get the drop on you. Pick him up. Get the crowbar from the coffin. Look through the crack. Talk to Mort. Try to persuade him you were buried alive, but you won't get very far. Tell him "You've seen through my web of deceit!" and then that you're an angry ghost. Looks like you're going to have to cook up a display for Mort's benefit. To exit the conversation, go sulk in the darkness. In inventory, use the paste on the skeleton arm, and use this with the lantern to grab it. Put the lantern on the coffin lid, then use Murray with the lantern. Now you can leave the crypt.

Return to the hotel. Once more, no one's impressed with Guybrush's return from death. Get the tip jar from the bar. Open the door to the back room, between the grog signs. Get the magnet from the fridge. Use the chisel on the giant cheese. Get the death certificate that's in front of the cheese. Go upstairs and into the second room. Use the crowbar on the boarded-up hole, then on the bed to pry out the nails. Whee! Watch the cutscene. When it's over, you'll be in the crypt again. Pick up Minnie's engagement band. Leave the crypt. Watch the cutscene. Go to Stan's. Give him your death certificate. You now have a lot of money.

Leave and go to the map. Go to the strange lights. Get the block of tofu from the buffet table. Walk to the right. Pick up the measuring cup and auger. Go north. Talk to the islander, Lemonhead. Introduce yourself, then say "Cannibals?!" Ask about the volcano. Keep going down that line about the volcano and the ceremony. Eventually you'll hear that they're expecting an ambassador from another island who should be "dressed for the ceremony". Exit the conversation and return south. Use the auger on the tofu to make a mask, then use the mask. Return north. Talk to Lemonhead again. When the ceremony is over, throw some of the nacho cheese into the volcano. It will erupt, lava flowing down the hillside and through the channel under the hotel's patio barbecue. Go to the hotel. Put the rest of the nacho cheese in the pot, then pick it up. Haggis will now let you take the lotion.


Skull Island

Leave and go to the windmill. Use the umbrella on the windmill blade. Whee! Look at the barrel. Get some of the sugar water in the jar. Go down the windmill (there's a downward arrow in the little gabled thing on the side of the roof) and return to the map.

Mouse around on the hill near the Sea Cucumber until you find a destination. Use the lotion on Elaine's finger. Remove the cursed ring. Use the chisel on the jar lid to poke holes in it. Put the jar of sugar water on the stump under the fireflies. After the fireflies go in, put the lid on. Return to the map.

Go to the lighthouse. Use the lantern (jar of fireflies) on the lantern post and the mirror on the lighthouse's mirror. Go down from the lighthouse and go to the beach. Talk to the mysterious figure. Tell him you'd like a ride to Skull Island. He needs a compass, hm? Fill the measuring cup with seawater. Use the mouth on the shaving soap bottle to uncork it. Use the pin with the fridge magnet, then with the cork. Use the cork with the cup of water. Presto! Homemade compass. (Science is fun when you know the secret!) Give the compass to the Flying Welshman. Talk to him again and ask for a ride to Skull Island.

Up on top of the cliff, talk to the winch operator, LaFoot. Ask him to lower you down. As soon as you see Guybrush falling, open the inventory and use the umbrella. Tell King André you have so much money it's almost embarrassing. Keep asking about the diamond. Say maybe you could make a deal. You can play and lose for a while if you like (talk to King Andre to show your cards), but to win, show him the five Death cards you took from Madame Xima. The Welshman will take you back to Blood Island. Leave the screen and watch the cutscene.

Go to the clearing where Elaine is. Combine the diamond with Minnie's engagement band. Put the ring on Elaine. Watch the cutscene.

For Your Amusement:
In the Goodsoup crypt, examine the crumbling hole.
In the Welshman's cove, walk into the water 20 times.
Fall off the cliff three times, then go back up.
Once you're talking to King André, say you'll take a look around, then talk to him again and ask about toys.

Part V: Kiss of the Spider Monkey

Settle in for quite an infodump from LeChuck that attempts to make sense out of the end of LeChuck's Revenge while keeping its events in-universe instead of meta. You can take a long time here if you want, or you can beg off with "I've heard enough!" as soon as it's offered to you.

Open the door of the gondola. Be very disturbed by the design of kid!Guybrush. Notice Guybrush's complaining: he can't think straight, his head's foggy, he must clear his mind. You need to make another batch of the Head-B-Clear, using egg, pepper, and hair of the dog that bit you.

Talk to Dinghy Dog™. Ask how you can win a prize. Bet that he can't guess how old you are. Choose the anchor prize. Pick it up. Push Dinghy Dog™. Keep doing it until he bites you. You'll grab a hunk of hair from his costume.

Put the anchor in the pie pan and fill the pan with the shaving soap (the brown bottle you picked up out of the sand near the shipwreck in the last part). Use the fake pie with the stack of meringue pies next to Wharf Rat's cannon. The mime will take an anchor to the face. (Oof.) Open the gate and look through the hole where he was standing. You'll get a faceful of meringue, which, as Wharf Rat can tell you, is made from eggs.

Go over to the snowcone stand on the right. Get the pepper mill that's sitting next to the tiki faces. Talk to the soda jerk and get a plain snowcone. Use the pepper mill, hair, and meringue on the snowcone, then eat it.

Part VI: Guybrush Kicks Butt Once Again

Jump out of the rollercoaster at this first diorama, if you can manage to click quickly enough. Once out in a scene, you don't have a lot of time to get what you need before LeChuck shows up and chases you back into the car. If you miss jumping out or don't get the object, don't worry, the coaster is a loop of only four scenes, so you'll get lots of tries.

Monkey Island pond (green): Get the fallen rope near the log.
Captain Marley and crew (red/purple): Get the keg o' rum near Rum Rogers' feet.
Torture room (orange): Open the lantern. Use the mouth on it to blow out the flame. Get the flask of oil.
Snow scene: Don't get out here until you have the other objects. Use the oil on the rope and the rope on the keg of rum. Walk up the hill. Put your ersatz bomb in the snow monkey's hand. Go back down. Get the pepper mill out of inventory. When LeChuck shows up, use the pepper mill on him.

.....Aaaand suddenly Guybrush and Elaine are married, with not even any parting dialogue. Oookay then. Roll credits! (The ending was originally less abrupt than this, but they ran out of time.)

Last updated: 8/22/2023